DEAD LOADS

COMPONENT 

  kN/m3
       
Bituminous Products:      
  Asphaltum 12.73  
  Graphite 21.21  
  Paraffin 8.80  
  Petroleum, crude 8.64  
  Petroleum, refined 7.86  
  Petroleum, benzine 7.23  
  Petroleum, gasoline 6.60  
  Pitch 10.84  
  Tar 11.79  
Brass   82.66  
Bronze   86.74  
Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone, sand)   22.63  
Cement, portland, loose   14.14  
Ceramic tile   23.57  
Charcoal   1.89  
Cinder fill   8.96  
Cinders, dry, in bulk   7.07  
Coal:      
  Anthracite, piled 8.17  
  Bituminous, piled 7.39  
  Lignite, piled 7.39  
  Peat, dry, piled 3.61  
Concrete, plain:      
  Cinder 16.97  
  Expanded-slag aggregate 15.71  
  Haydite (burned-clay) aggregate 14.14  
  Slag 20.74  
  Stone (including gravel) 22.63  
  Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload-bearing 3.93 7.86
  Other light aggregate, load-bearing 11.00 16.50
Concrete, reinforced:      
  Cinder 17.44  
  Slag 21.69  
  Stone (including gravel) 23.57  
Copper   87.37  
Cork, compressed   2.26  
Earth (not submerged):      
  Clay, dry 9.90  
  Clay, damp 17.29  
  Clay and gravel, dry 15.71  
  Silt, moist, loose 12.26  
  Silt, moist, packed 15.09  
  Silt, flowing 16.97  
  Sand and gravel, dry, loose 15.71  
  Sand and gravel, dry, packed 17.29  
  Sand and gravel, wet 18.86  
Earth (submerged):      
  Clay 12.57  
  Soil 11.00  
  River mud 14.14  
  Sand or gravel 9.43  
  Sand or gravel, and clay 10.21  
Gravel, dry   16.34  
Gypsum, loose   11.00  
Gypsum wallboard   7.86  
Ice   8.99  
Iron:      
  Cast 70.71  
  Wrought 75.43  
Lead   111.57  
Lime:      
  Hydrated, loose 5.03  
  Hydrated, compacted 7.07  
Masonry, ashlar:      
  Granite 25.93  
  Limestone, crystalline 25.93  
  Limestone, oolitic 21.21  
  Marble 27.19  
  Sandstone 22.63  
Masonry, brick:      
  Hard (low absorption) 20.43  
  Medium (medium absorption) 18.07  
  Soft (high absorption) 15.71  
Masonry, rubble mortar:      
  Granite 24.04  
  Limestone, crystalline 23.10  
  Limestone, oolitic 21.69  
  Marble 24.51  
  Sandstone 21.53  
Mortar, hardened:      
  Cement 20.43  
  Lime 17.29  
Particleboard   7.07  
Plywood   5.66  
Riprap (not submerged):      
  Limestone 13.04  
  Sandstone 14.14  
Sand:      
  Clean and dry 14.14  
  River, dry 16.66  
Slag:      
  Bank 11.00  
  Bank screenings 16.97  
  Machine 15.09  
  Sand 8.17  
Slate   27.03  
Steel   76.84  
Stone, quarried, piled:      
  Basalt, granite, gneiss 15.09  
  Limestone, marble, quartz 14.93  
  Sandstone 12.89  
  Shale 14.46  
  Greenstone, hornblende 16.81  
Terra cotta, architectural:      
  Voids filled 18.86  
  Voids unfilled 11.31  
Tin   72.13  
Water:      
  Fresh 9.81  
  Sea 10.06  
Wood, seasoned:      
  Ash, commercial white 6.44  
  Cypress, southern 5.34  
  Fir, Douglas, coast region 5.34  
  Hem fir 4.40  
  Oak, commercial and reds and whites 7.39  
  Pine, southern yellow 5.81  
  Redwood 4.40  
  Spruce, red, white, and sitka 4.56  
  Western hemlock 5.03  
Zinc, rolled, sheet   70.56  

Last Updated on 26/03/00
By Chris Buczkowski